The Genetics of Fibroids

One of the most common questions women ask when diagnosed with fibroids is whether the condition runs in families. The short answer is yes — genetics play a meaningful role in determining who develops fibroids, and having a close family member with fibroids does increase your own risk. However, fibroids are not caused by a single gene, and the picture is more complex than a straightforward inherited condition.

For a comprehensive overview of fibroid risk factors, visit our causes and risk factors page.

What Does the Research Say?

Multiple studies have confirmed a familial link in fibroid development. Key findings include:

Family history doubles the risk — women with a first-degree relative (mother, sister, or daughter) who has fibroids are approximately two to three times more likely to develop fibroids themselves compared with women who have no family history.
Twin studies — studies comparing identical and non-identical twins have shown that identical twins (who share 100 per cent of their DNA) are significantly more likely to both have fibroids than non-identical twins (who share approximately 50 per cent), providing strong evidence for a genetic component.
Multiple genes are involved — research has identified several genetic mutations and variants associated with fibroid development. One of the most studied is a mutation in the MED12 gene, which has been found in up to 70 per cent of fibroids analysed. Other genes involved include HMGA2 and various genes on chromosomes 7 and 14.

Genetics Is Not Destiny

While genetics clearly play a role, they are not the sole factor. Fibroids develop as a result of the interplay between genetic predisposition and other factors, including:

Hormonal Factors

Oestrogen and progesterone stimulate fibroid growth. This is why fibroids most commonly develop during the reproductive years when these hormones are at their highest, and why fibroids typically shrink after the menopause.

Ethnicity

Women of African-Caribbean descent are at significantly higher risk of developing fibroids, and tend to develop them at an earlier age and with greater severity. This increased risk is thought to reflect both genetic and environmental factors, though research is ongoing to fully understand the mechanisms involved.

Lifestyle and Environmental Factors

Several modifiable factors have been associated with fibroid risk:

Obesity — being overweight increases the body's production of oestrogen, which may promote fibroid growth. Women with a BMI over 30 have a two to three-fold increased risk.
Diet — a diet high in red meat and low in fruits, vegetables, and dairy products has been associated with a higher fibroid risk in some studies, though the evidence is not conclusive.
Vitamin D deficiency — emerging research suggests that low levels of vitamin D may be associated with an increased risk of fibroid development, which may partly explain the higher prevalence in women with darker skin, who are more susceptible to vitamin D deficiency at northern latitudes.
Early menarche — starting periods at a young age (before 10) is associated with an increased lifetime risk of fibroids, likely due to greater cumulative exposure to oestrogen.

What Should You Do if Fibroids Run in Your Family?

If you have a family history of fibroids, being proactive about your health is sensible but there is no need to be alarmed. Consider the following steps:

Be aware of symptoms — knowing the signs of fibroids (heavy periods, pelvic pain, urinary frequency, abdominal bloating) means you can seek advice promptly if they develop
Attend regular check-ups — let your GP know about your family history so they can factor this into any assessments
Maintain a healthy weight — as obesity is a modifiable risk factor, maintaining a healthy BMI may help reduce your risk
Consider vitamin D supplementation — particularly if you live in a region with limited sun exposure, as many people in the United Kingdom are deficient
Do not delay seeking help — if you develop symptoms, consult a specialist early rather than waiting for them to worsen

Understanding Your Risk

Having a genetic predisposition to fibroids does not mean that you will inevitably develop them, nor does it mean that treatment cannot help if you do. Modern fibroid treatment is highly effective, and early specialist input can ensure that you receive the right care at the right time.

If you have a family history of fibroids or are concerned about your risk, book a consultation with the North London Fibroid Clinic to discuss your individual situation with a specialist.

Are Fibroids Hereditary?